Urban Plastic Waste and Microplastic Pollution: Emerging Health Risks and Integrated Management Strategies

Abstract

Plastic pollution, particularly microplastics, is a serious issue in Malaysia due to its hidden health risks and poor waste management. This article focused on current trends, challenges, and impacts of urban plastic waste and microplastics, how different groups like industries, the government, and the public contribute to the problem, and exploring potential solutions. The findings revealed several key themes. First, there is weak enforcement of existing plastic regulations, making it easier for plastics to pollute the environment. Second, most households do not separate waste at the source, which complicates recycling efforts. Third, awareness about the dangers of microplastics is low among the public, leading to less responsible waste disposal. Several barriers to solving this issue were also identified. The infrastructure for waste collection and recycling is inadequate, making proper waste management difficult. There is over-reliance on informal recycling systems that are often not effective or sustainable. Furthermore, current biodegradable plastic options are not a complete solution unless the necessary facilities are available to properly handle them. Many people noted that without proper disposal infrastructure, biodegradable plastics can still end up polluting the environment. Most stakeholders agreed that solving plastic pollution requires a collective effort. Everyone from workers and industries to government agencies and citizens needs to work together. Education and awareness programs were seen as vital to changing behaviours. Additionally, effective communication and public incentives can encourage responsible waste disposal and recycling. The article recommends improving waste laws, offering incentives to motivate proper waste management, and increasing education about the harms of plastic pollution. Overall, these efforts can help create a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable environment for Malaysia, protecting both the ecosystem and public health.